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Description

Arrowsmith’s Map of Asia—the Most Authoritative Map of the Continent in the Early Nineteenth Century

A large and vibrant antique map of Asia, tracking the routes of traders and explorers. Arrowsmith’s use of the latest sources, attention to detail, and expertise put it a step above the work of his contemporaries, making it the most detailed map of Asia to that date.

Over a meter tall, this fascinating multi-sheet map shows almost the entirety of Asia. The westernmost part of the map containing any detail is Anatolia (present-day Turkey), though both Africa and Europe are labeled for reference and lightly outlined. The map covers everything from the Middle East (Persia, Arabia) to Japan and from Russia down to India (Hindoostan) and the Philippines.

Arrowsmith includes a significant amount of topographical detail, even in regions as remote as Tibet. Mountain ranges and winding rivers crisscross the map, giving the reader an impressive sense of the physical geography of the continent. At the same time, vast deserts break up the meticulously detailed and labeled lands, showing how difficult and long overland travel could be.

Most of the coastlines are recognizable to the modern eye, speaking to the amount and quality of cartographic surveys that influenced this map. Northern Japan and the adjacent island of Sakhalin (Isle of Tchoka or Saghalien) are perhaps the most misshapen and out of scale, which was not atypical of Western maps at this time.

The cartouche in the upper left corner simply titles the map “Asia”. It is surrounded by a mix of flora and weaponry, alluding to the dual imperial and trade interests that Western Europe had in the Asian continent. Below, Arrowsmith dedicates the map to James Rennell, surveyor-general for the East India Company.

As surveyor-general, Rennell conducted the first comprehensive geographical survey of India. He also published a number of atlases and historical writings later in life. He is known for his careful attention to detail, such as meticulously measuring distances and relying on some indigenous maps to fill in gaps in his knowledge. Rennell’s maps were used for well over a hundred years due to their impressive quality, and the information published in Rennell’s famous Bengal Atlas of 1779 certainly informed this map and bolstered its geographic accuracy.

European Empire and Exploration in Asia

Europeans had a presence in Asia long before this map was made. The Portuguese in particular maintained a powerful colonial and trade empire in South Asia in the sixteenth century, and others like the Dutch and the French had influence as well. But, by the late eighteenth century, the British were the strongest foreign power in Asia. They were most interested in maintaining trade access via the East India Company. Founded in 1600, the East India Company was able to use India as a source for many tradeable goods such as textiles, spices, and tea.

The map displays a variety of exploratory voyages and trade routes. For example, the Great Desert Route can be found on the northeast edge of Arabia, connecting goods in the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean Sea. Overland trade routes had been used for hundreds of years, but as sea routes became more widespread, ships were proven a faster method of moving goods, which allowed for more rapid accumulation of wealth. However, much of this trade still flowed through the Mediterranean, and some European countries like France and Britain searched for a Northwest Passage in the Arctic that would allow them direct access to trade with East Asia.

Another route visible on the map is the 1787 track of La Boussole and L’Astrolabe, the ships of the French explorer Lapérouse. Throughout his life, Lapérouse traveled much of the world, across both the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans and from Alaska down to Australia. On this map, readers can see Lapérouse’s route from Kamchatka in northeastern Russia down through the Sea of Japan and ending in the Philippines. At the northern end of Japan, the Perouse Strait can be found, named for Lapérouse. Though the rest of the route is not shown, Lapérouse and his crew continued on to Australia, after which they disappeared and were presumed shipwrecked.

Off the coast of China, readers can also find the route of Sir Erasmus Gower’s ship, the Lion, on its 1793 voyage to China. The expedition mostly followed the coast and eventually traveled into the Yellow Sea (also labeled here as Whang Hai). Gower, an experienced sea captain and explorer, was taking a British embassy led by Lord George Macartney to meet with the Chinese Emperor. This would be one of the first times the Emperor met with British ambassadors, and the trip was not overly successful. Macartney famously refused to kowtow to the Emperor, and the Emperor told Macartney that China was self-sufficient and had no need for British trade. However, the British did appreciate the information that Gower collected on the geography of the area and that Macartney brought back about the Emperor’s court.

Having attempted and failed to secure trade with China, Britain would soon resort to other means. Chinese tea was in high demand in Britain, so they needed a product that the Chinese would demand just as much. A decade after this map was made, this product was found: opium from India, which caused widespread addiction and social and economic destabilization in China.

Arrowsmith’s dedication to cartographic excellence means it is no surprise that this map stands as the most authoritative rendering of the whole continent of Asia available at the time of its publishing. It was impressive enough that Thomas Jefferson ordered an example of it, as records at Monticello reveal.

This large map is striking and is not always available on the market. It would be a strong addition to any collection of Arrowsmith maps or antique maps of Asia.

Condition Description
Segmented and laid on 4 sheets of linen, as issued.
Reference
C. G. Head, s.v. "GOWER, Sir ERASMUS," in Dictionary of Canadian Biography (University of Toronto/Université Laval, 1983), accessed July 28, 2019, http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio.php?id_nbr=2424.; "James Rennell: The Father of the Indian Survey," University of Michigan Library, last modified 2018, https://www.lib.umich.edu/online-exhibits/exhibits/show/india-maps/rennell.; Encyclopedia Britannica "Jean-François De Galaup, Comte De La Pérouse," (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2019), accessed July 28, 2019, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jean-Francois-de-Galaup-comte-de-La-Perouse.; Richard A. Webster, Harry Magdoff, and Charles E. Nowell, s.v. "Loss of the American Colonies," in Encyclopedia Britannica (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2018), accessed July 28, 2019, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Western-colonialism/Loss-of-the-American-colonies; “Map of Asia 1801,” in Thomas Jefferson Encyclopedia, accessed July 29, 2019, https://www.monticello.org/site/research-and-collections/map-asia-1801. JE
Aaron Arrowsmith Biography

The Arrowsmiths were a cartographic dynasty which operated from the late-eighteenth century to the mid-nineteenth. The family business was founded by Aaron Arrowsmith (1750-1823), who was renowned for carefully prepared and meticulously updated maps, globes, and charts. He created many maps that covered multiple sheets and which were massive in total size. His spare yet exacting style was recognized around the world and mapmakers from other countries, especially the young country of the United States, sought his maps and charts as exemplars for their own work.

Aaron Arrowsmith was born in County Durham in 1750. He came to London for work around 1770, where he found employment as a surveyor for the city’s mapmakers. By 1790, he had set up his own shop which specialized in general charts. Arrowsmith had five premises in his career, most of which were located on or near Soho Square, a neighborhood the led him to rub shoulders with the likes of Joseph Banks, the naturalist, and Matthew Flinders, the hydrographer.

Through his business ties and employment at the Hydrographic Office, Arrowsmith made other important relationships with Alexander Dalrymple, the Hudson’s Bay Company, and others entities. In 1810 he became Hydrographer to the Prince of Wales and, in 1820, Hydrographer to the King.

Aaron Arrowsmith died in 1823, whereby the business and title of Hydrographer to the King passed to his sons, Aaron and Samuel, and, later, his nephew, John. Aaron Jr. (1802-1854) was a founder member of the Royal Geographical Society (RGS) and left the family business in 1832; instead, he enrolled at Oxford to study to become a minister. Samuel (1805-1839) joined Aaron as a partner in the business and they traded together until Aaron left for the ministry. Samuel died at age 34 in 1839; his brother presided over his funeral. The remaining stock and copper plates were bought at auction by John Arrowsmith, their cousin.

John (1790-1873) operated his own independent business after his uncle, Aaron Arrowsmith Sr., died. After 1839, John moved into the Soho premises of his uncle and cousins. John enjoyed considerable recognition in the geography and exploration community. Like Aaron Jr., John was a founder member of the RGS and would serve as its unofficial cartographer for 43 years. Several geographical features in Australia and Canada are named after him. He carried the title Hydrographer to Queen Victoria. He died in 1873 and the majority of his stock was eventually bought by Edward Stanford, who co-founded Stanford’s map shop, which is still open in Covent Garden, London today.